The Book Shelf

This is only a partial list of the many fine books, patents, company documents, government reports, student theses, and articles available for reference when engineering shape change materials into electro-mechanical transducers.   Suggested additions gladly accepted.

Books

• Bozorth, Richard M., Ferromagnetism, IEEE Press, 1993
• Cady, Walter G., Piezoelectricity, McGraw-Hill, 1946
• Den Hartog, Jacob P., Mechanical Vibrations, Dover, 1985
• Elmore, William C. & Heald, Mark A., Physics of Waves, Dover, 1985
• Engdahl, Göran (Editor), Handbook of Giant Magnetostrictive Materials, Academic Press, 2000
• Feynman, Richard P., Leighton, Robert B., & Sands, Matthew, The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Addison-Wesley, 1963
• Hunt, Frederick V., Electroacoustics -- The Analysis of Transduction and Its Historical Background, Acoustical Society of America, 1982
• Jaffe, Bernard Piezoelectric Ceramics, Academic Press, 1971
• Jiles, David C., Introduction to Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Chapman and Hall, London, 1991
• Jona, F. and Shirane, G., Ferroelectric Crystals, Dover, 1993
• Lacheisserie, Etienne du Trémolet de Magnetostriction -- Theory and Applications of Magnetoelasticity, CRC Press, 1993
• Mason, Warren P. Electromechanical Transducers and Wave Filters, Van Nostrand, 1942
• Mason, Warren P. Physical Acoustics and the Properties of Solids, Van Nostrand, (Year?)
• Mason, Warren P. Piezoelectric Crystals and Their Application to Ultrasonics, Van Nostrand, 1949
• Stoll, Richard L. The Analysis of Eddy Currents, Clarendon Press, 1974

Patents

• U.S. Patent 2,064,911, "Sound Generating and Directing Apparatus," December 22, 1936. Harvey C. Hayes
• U.S. Patent 2,391,678, "Magnetostriction Transducer," December 25, 1945. Francis P. Bundy, assigned to Secretary of the Navy
• U.S. Patent 2,438,925, "Magnetostrictive Submarine Signal Transmitter or Receiver," April 6, 1948. Hubert K. Krantz, assigned to Bell Labs
• U.S. Patent 2,438,926, "Magnetostrictive Supersonic Transducer," April 6, 1948. E. E. Mott, assigned to Bell Labs
• U.S. Patent 2,472,388, "Magnetostrictive Oscillator," June 7, 1949. Albert L. Thuras
• U.S. Patent 2,486,560, "Transducer and Method Of Making The Same," November 1, 1949. Robert B. Gray, assigned to Erie Resistor Corporation
• U.S. Patent 2,515,154, "Transducer," July 11, 1950. C. H. Lanphier
• U.S. Patent 2,519,277, "Magnetostrictive Device and Alloy and Method of Producing Them," August 15, 1950. E. A. Nesbitt & H. J. Williams
• U.S. Patent 2,519,495, "Magnetostrictive Core and Method of Making It," August 22, 1950. E. A. Nesbitt & H. J. Williams
• U.S. Patent 2,530,224, "Magnetostriction Transducer," November 14, 1950. Leon W. Camp
• U.S. Patent 2,550,771, "Magnetostriction Transducer," May 1, 1951. Leon W. Camp
• U.S. Patent 2,595,791, "Transducer," May 6, 1952. Frederick V. Hunt
• U.S. Patent 2,619,604, "Magnetostriction Device," November 25, 1952. Leslie L. Burns
• U.S. Patent 2,670,446, "Magnetostrictive Transducer," February 23, 1954. Edwin E. Turner
• U.S. Patent 2,930,912, "Composite Electromechanical Transducer," March 29, 1960. Harry B. Miller, assigned to Clevite Corporation
• U.S. Patent 4,308,474, "Rare Earth-Iron Magnetostrictive Materials and Devices Using These Materials," December 29, 1981. Howard T. Savage, Arthur E. Clark, & O. Dale McMasters, assigned to the Secretary of the Navy
• U.S. Patent 4,378,258, "Conversion Between Magnetic Energy and Mechanical Energy," March 29, 1983. Arthur E. Clark & Henry S. Belson, assigned to the Secretary of the Navy
• U.S. Patent 4,438,509, "Transducer with Tensioned-Wire Precompression," March 20, 1984. John L. Butler, Thomas R. Egan, Kenneth Rodberg, & Arthur E. Clark, assigned to Raytheon Company
• U.S. Patent 4,443,731, "Hybrid Piezoelectric and Magnetostrictive Acoustic Wave Transducer," April 17, 1984. John L. Butler & Arthur E. Clark
• U.S. Patent 4,642,802, "Elimination of Magnetic Biasing Using Magnetostrictive Materials of Opposite Strain," February 10, 1987. William M. Pozzo & John L. Butler, assigned to Raytheon Company
• U.S. Patent 4,703,464, "Permanent Magnet Biased Magnetostrictive Transducer," October 27, 1987. Thomas R. Howarth, Peter F. Flanagan, William J. Harrold, & Kenneth Rodberg, assigned to Raytheon Company
• U.S. Patent 4,845,450, "Self-Biased Modular Magnetostrictive Driver and Transducer," July 4, 1989. Raymond Porzio, William J. Harrold, & James R. Sturges, assigned to Raytheon Company
• U.S. Patent 4,845,688, "Electro-mechanical Transduction Apparatus," July 4, 1989. John L. Butler, assigned to Image Acoustics
• U.S. Patent 4,864,548, "Flextensional Transducer," September 5, 1989. John L. Butler, assigned to Image Acoustics
• U.S. Patent 4,906,879, "Terbium-Dysprosium Magnetostrictive High Power Transducers," March 6, 1990. Arthur E. Clark, assigned to the Secretary of the Navy
• U.S. Patent 4,907,209, "Low Frequency Sound Transducer," March 6, 1990. John M. Sewell & William F. Werner, assigned to Martin Marietta Corporation
• U.S. Patent 4,914,412, "Magnetic Circuit," April 3, 1990. Göran Engdahl & Lars Kvarnsjö, assigned to Asea Brown Boveri AB
• U.S. Patent 4,922,470, "Barrel Stave Projector," May 1, 1990. G. W. McMahon & D. F. Jones
• U.S. Patent 5,047,683, "Hybrid Transducer," September 10, 1991. John L. Butler & Arthur E. Clark, assigned to Image Acoustics, Inc.
• U.S. Patent 5,070,316, "Device for Transmission of the Movement and Force of a High-Magnetostrictive body," December 3, 1991. Göran Engdahl & Dag Wikstrom, assigned to ABB Atom AB
• U.S. Patent 5,270,595, "Dynamic Thermal Compensation for a Magnetostrictive Actuator," December 14, 1993. George R. Wisner, assigned to United Technologies Corporation
• U.S. Patent 5,382,863, "Method and Device in a Motor," January 17, 1995. Carl Tyren, assigned to DSP Holdings Ltd.
• U.S. Patent 5,406,153, "Magnetostrictive Vibration Generation System," April 11, 1995. Alison Flatau & David Hall, assigned to Iowa State University Research Foundation, Inc.
• U.S. Patent 5,510,660, "Magnetostrictive Vibration Generation System," April 23, 1996. Alison Flatau & David Hall, assigned to Iowa State University Research Foundation, Inc.
• U.S. Patent 5,532,540, "Electric Motor with Vibrating Elements and Elastic Coupling," July 2, 1996. Frank Claeyssen, Ronan Le Letty, & Nicolas Lhermet, assigned to Figest B.V.
• U.S. Patent 5,600,239, "Strain Sensing System Including a Magnetostrictive Material Having a Piezomagnetic Property Selected for Maximizing Electrical Impedance to Current Applied to a Predetermined Skin Depth," February 4, 1997. Kristl B. Hathaway, James B. Restorff, Marilyn Wun-Fogle, & Arthur E. Clark, assigned to the Secretary of the Navy
• U.S. Patent 6,279,842, "Magnetostrictively Actuated Fuel Injector," August 28, 2001. Byron Spain, assigned to Rodi Power Systems, Inc.

Company Documents, Government Reports

• "The Design and Construction of Magnetostriction Transducers," Paul E. Sabine et al, Volume 13, Summary Technical Report, Division 6, National Defense Research Council Washington, DC 1946
• "Magnetostriction," The International Nickel Company, Inc., June, 1948
• "Physical Properties of Piezoelectric Barium Titanate Ceramics," H.I. Oshry & J.M. Minkowski, Erie Resistor Corporation, 1953
• "Design of Nickel Magnetostriction Transducers," Boyd A. Wise, The International Nickel Company, Inc., 1955
• "Magnetostriction Transducers," The International Nickel Company, Inc., (No Earlier Than 1961)
• "High-Power Terfenol D Flextensional Transducer (Revision A)," Mark B. Moffett, Raymond Porzio, and Gerald L. Bernier, Naval Undersea Warfare center Division, Newport, Rhode Island, NUWC-NPT Technical Document 10,883A, May 12, 1995
• "Biased Lead Zirconate-Titanate as a High-Power Transducer Material," Mark B. Moffett, James M. Powers, Robert S. Janus, & Elizabeth A. McLaughlin, Naval Undersea Warfare center Division, Newport, Rhode Island, NUWC-NPT Reprint Report 10,766 May 15, 1997

Articles

• "The Piezo-Electric Resonator and Its Equivalent Network," K. S. Van Dyke, Proc. of The Institute of Radio Engineers, v16, 1928
• "The Equivalent Circuit of the Magnetostriction Oscillator," S. Butterworth & F.D. Smith, The Proceedings of the Physical Society, University Press, Cambridge, v43, Jan-Sep 1931
• "A Theory of the Crystal Transducer for Plane Waves," Walter G. Cady, JASA, v21 No. 2, March 1949
• "Utilization of Magnetostrictive Materials in Generating Intense Sound," Roy R. Whymark, JASA, v33, No. 6, June 1961
• "Origin of Mechanical Bias for Transducers," Harry B. Miller, JASA, v35, p 1455, 1963
• "Representation of Dielectric, Elastic, and Piezoelectric Losses by Complex Coefficients," Richard Holland, IEEE Trans on Sonics and Ultrasonics, v SU-14, No. 1, January 1967
• "The Theoretical Limit of Mechanical Output Power Available from Magnetostriction Vibrators," Yoshimitsu Kikuchi, IEEE Trans on Sonics and Ultrasonics, v SU-15, No. 1, January 1968
• "Magnetomechanical Coupling and the Delta-E Effect in Highly Magnetostrictive Rare Earth - Fe2 Compounds," H. T. Savage, A. E. Clark, & J. H. Powers, IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, vMag-11, September 5, 1975
• "Magnetostrictive Rare Earth-Fe2 Compounds," Arthur E. Clark in Ferromagnetic Materials, Vol. 1, Edited by E. P. Wohlfarth, North-Holland, 1980
• "Theory of Ferromagnetic Hysteresis," D. C. Jiles and D. L. Atherton, J. Mag. Mag. Mater., v61, p48, 1986
• "Strength of Terfenol-D," D. T. Peterson, J. D. Verhoeven, O. D. McMasters, and W. A. Spitzig, J. Appl. Phys. 65(9), May 1, 1989
• "Unidirectional Magnetostrictive/Piezoelectric Hybrid Transducer," John L. Butler, Stephen C. Butler, & Arthur E. Clark, JASA 88(1) July 1990
• "An Equivalent Circuit Model for Barrel-Stave Flextensional Transducers," Mark B. Moffett, Jan F. Lindberg, Elizabeth A. McLaughlin, & James M. Powers in Transducers for Sonics and Ultrasonics, Edited by M. D. McCollum, B. F. Hamonic, and O. B. Wilson, Technomic, 1993, Ch 15
• "Power Dissipation in Electromechanical Actuator Devices," Wayland C. Morrow, Optical Engineering, September 1994, v33, No. 9
• "Modelling the Effects of Eddy Current Losses on Frequency Dependent Hysteresis in Electrically Conducting Media," D. C. Jiles, IEEE Trans. on Mag, v30, No. 6, November 1994
• "Comparison of Electrostrictive and Piezoceramic Actuation for Vibration Suppression," Michael Fripp & Nesbitt Hagood, SPIE Smart Structures and Integrated Systems, v2444 1995
• "Analysis of Harmonic Distortion in Electroacoustic Transducers Under Indirect Drive Conditions," Charles H. Sherman, John L. Butler, & Alexander L. Butler, JASA 101(1), January 1997
• Journal of Alloys and Compounds, v258, August 1997
• "Transducers, Underwater Acoustic," W. Jack Hughes, Encyclopedia of Applied Physics, v22, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 1998
• "On Analog Feedback Control for Magnetostrictive Transducer Linearization," David L. Hall & Alison B. Flatau, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 1998, 211(3)
• "High Bandwidth Tunability in a Smart Vibration Absorber," Alison B. Flatau, Marcelo J. Dapino, and Frederick T. Calkins, 1998 SPIE Smart Structures and Materials Conf. Paper #3329-19/3327-42 1998
• "On Identification and Analysis of Fundamental Issues in Terfenol-D Transducer Modeling," Marcelo J. Dapino, Frederick T. Calkins, and Alison B. Flatau, SPIE Smart Structures and Integrated Systems, v3329, p185, March 1998
• "Modeling Nonlinearity in Electrostrictive Sonar Transducers," Craig L. Horn and Natarajan Shankar, JASA 104(4), October 1998
• "Blocked Force Investigation of a Terfenol-D Transducer," Rick Kellogg & Alison Flatau, 1999 SPIE Smart Structures and Materials Conf. Paper #3668-19 1999
• "Thermomagnetic Optimization of Solenoidal Magnetostrictive Actuators," David C. Meeker and David M. Dozor, SPIE Mathematics and Control in Smart Structures, v3667 1999
• "Stress-Strain Relationship in Terfenol-D," Rick Kellogg & Alison Flatau, SPIE Smart Structures and Materials Conf. Paper #4327-87 2001
• "Investigation of a Terfenol-D Tunable Mechanical Resonator," Rick Kellogg & Alison Flatau, SPIE Smart Structures and Materials Conf. Paper #4327-88 2001